Facts About Diabetes
Diabetes, also called diabetes mellitus, is a condition that affects insulin, 一种激素,它能分解食物中的糖,并将其转化为葡萄糖,为身体提供能量.
What You Need to Know
- 糖尿病有三种类型:1型、2型和妊娠期糖尿病. 2型是最常见的,1型和2型的病例都在上升.
- Diabetes is diagnosed with one or more blood tests.
- 糖尿病可以通过监测、药物治疗、饮食和生活方式的改变来控制.
What is diabetes?
当你的身体不能正确地将食物转化为能量时,就会发生糖尿病. 胰岛素是一种将葡萄糖(用作能量的糖)输送到体内细胞的关键激素. When you have diabetes, 你的身体要么对胰岛素没有反应,要么根本不产生胰岛素. 这会导致糖在你的血液中积累,从而使你面临危险的并发症的风险.
Types of Diabetes
Diabetes can be classified as type 1, type 2 or gestational.
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes 是一种免疫系统攻击并破坏体内产生胰岛素的细胞的自身免疫性疾病吗. The rate of type 1 diabetes is rising worldwide, 在5岁以下的儿童中增幅最大.
In people with type 1 diabetes, the body does not make enough of the hormone insulin, 是什么使身体将葡萄糖(一种单糖)转化为能量. Type 1 diabetes 当胰腺中产生胰岛素的细胞由于自身免疫系统错误地破坏自身器官或组织而被破坏时发生. The onset of symptoms can happen quickly. People with type 1 diabetes may need daily insulin shots.
Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes 是一种代谢紊乱,是由于身体不能产生足够的胰岛素或不能正确使用胰岛素引起的吗. Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes. In type 2 diabetes在美国,胰腺产生足够的胰岛素,但身体不能有效地利用它. This is referred to as insulin resistance. 渐渐地,胰岛素分泌减慢,就像在 type 1 diabetes. Previously unheard of in children and teens, type 2 diabetes is now being diagnosed more often in children and teens, 哪些研究与儿童肥胖率上升有关.
Gestational Diabetes
Gestational diabetes 在怀孕期间,胎盘产生的一种激素阻止母体有效地使用胰岛素. 它不是由缺乏胰岛素引起的,而是由怀孕期间产生的其他激素引起的,这些激素会使胰岛素的效果降低. 妊娠期糖尿病症状在分娩后消失.
Prediabetes
In a condition called prediabetes, 血糖水平升高,但没有达到糖尿病的程度. 反复测试显示空腹血糖升高的人患全面糖尿病的风险增加. 年龄超过45岁的人应该检查糖尿病前期或糖尿病. 如果第一次血糖测试正常,个人应该每三年重新测试一次.
那些年龄在45岁以下的人,如果他们的身体质量指数(BMI)大于或等于25kg /m2,并且有几个危险因素,应该考虑进行糖尿病前期或糖尿病的检测, such as a sedentary lifestyle, taking certain medications (including some antipsychotic, steroid, 利尿剂)或有家族病史.
Diabetes Symptoms
根据不同的类型,糖尿病会导致血液中葡萄糖过多或过少.
Hyperglycemia (High Blood Sugar)
糖尿病的特点是不能分泌足够的胰岛素. Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas. It is needed by the body to convert glucose into energy. 如果没有足够的胰岛素,血液中的葡萄糖水平就会异常升高.
Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar)
低血糖症的特点是血糖(葡萄糖)水平过低,无法维持身体的正常功能. 低血糖症本身可能是一种疾病,可能是糖尿病的并发症,也可能是其他疾病的征兆.
糖尿病引起的血糖调节问题会导致:
- Headaches
- Increased thirst
- Frequent urination
- Increased appetite
- Weight loss
- Blurred vision
- Fatigue
- Dry mouth
如果您的孩子出现上述任何症状,请立即咨询儿科医生.
Note: Even though type 1 diabetes may take years to develop, the onset of symptoms is fairly sudden and rapid. Undiagnosed and untreated, 1型糖尿病患者可能会进入危及生命的糖尿病昏迷(酮症酸中毒)。. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes are the same as the symptoms of type 1 diabetes, but unlike type 1 diabetes, symptoms tend to develop slowly and gradually.
Diabetes Diagnosis
医生可以通过以下一项或多项血液检查来诊断糖尿病:
- 随机血糖测试:在任何时候进行,不管你最近吃了多少.
- A1C test: Assesses blood sugar levels over several months.
- 空腹血糖测试:测量你一夜没吃东西后的血糖水平.
- 葡萄糖耐量测试:在几个小时内测量血液水平,以显示你的身体代谢你喝的一种特殊液体中的葡萄糖的速度.
Diabetes Treatment
糖尿病的治疗取决于其类型和严重程度,可能包括:
- 经常检查血糖,监测血糖水平
- Lifestyle changes, including diet and exercise
- Oral medication
- Daily insulin injections
对于任何类型的糖尿病患者来说,定期体检都是监测和治疗任何并发症的关键, such as eye problems, kidney disease, 心血管疾病和神经病变(神经损伤).
Basics
- Diabetes and Your Eyes: What You Need to Know
- Diabetic Nephropathy (Kidney Disease)
- Diabetes: What You Need to Know as You Age
- Diabetic Retinopathy
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Type 1 Diabetes in Children
- Diabetes Insipidus
- Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar)
- Diabetes: Answers from Diabetes Expert Dr. Rita Kalyani
- Hypoglycemia: Nocturnal
- Gestational Diabetes
- Type 2 Diabetes in Children
- Diabetes and High Blood Pressure
- Type 1 Diabetes
- Prediabetes
- Foot Ulcers See More